Human Anatomy

Contents
1. Introduction 3
Development of Lower Limb 3
Molecular Regulation of Limb Development 4
Parts of the Lower Limb 4
Related Terms 4
Frequently Asked Questions 6
Viva Voce 6
2. Bones 7
Introduction 7
Hip Bone 7
Ilium 7
Pubis 9
Ischium 12
Acetabulum 14
Obturator Foramen 15
Ossification 15
Clinical Anatomy 15
Femur 15
Ossification 21
Clinical Anatomy 21
Patella 23
Ossification 23
Clinical Anatomy 24
Tibia 24
Ossification 28
Clinical Anatomy 29
Fibula 29
Ossification 32
Clinical Anatomy 32
Bones of the Foot 33
Tarsus/Tarsals 33
Talus 33
Ossification 35
Clinical Anatomy 35
Calcaneus or Calcaneum 35
Ossification 37
Clinical Anatomy 37
Navicular Bone 37
Ossification 37
Cuneiform Bones 37
Medial Cuneiform 38
Intermediate Cuneiform 38
Lateral Cuneiform 39
Ossification 39
Cuboid 39
Ossification 40
Metatarsus 40
Ossification 41
Phalanges 41
Ossification 41
Clinical Anatomy 41
Sesamoid Bones 42
X Video 2.2.1 Hip Bone
X Video 2.2.2 Femur
X Video 2.2.3 Patella
X Video 2.2.4 Tibia
X Video 2.2.5 Fibula
X Video 2.2.6 Tarsus
X Video 2.2.7 Metatarsals and Phalanges
X Video 2.2.8 Joints of the Foot
Mnemonics 42
Facts to Remember 42
Clinicoanatomical Problem 42
Further Reading 43
Frequently Asked Questions 43
Multiple Choice Questions 43
Viva Voce 44
3. Front of Thigh 46
Introduction 46
Surface Landmarks 46
Skin and Superficial Fascia 47
Cutaneous Nerves 47
Cutaneous Arteries 48
Great or Long Saphenous Vein 48
Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes 49
Subcutaneous Bursae 49
Dissection 50
Clinical Anatomy 50
Deep Fascia 50
Dissection 52
Clinical Anatomy 52
Femoral Triangle 52
Boundaries 52
Contents 53
Femoral Sheath 54
Femoral Canal 55
Clinical Anatomy 55
Femoral Artery 57
Clinical Anatomy 58
Femoral Vein 59
Femoral Nerve 59
Branches and Distribution 59
Clinical Anatomy 60
Muscles of the Front of the Thigh 60
Iliacus and Psoas Major 61
Clinical Anatomy 61
Adductor/Hunter’s/Subsartorial Canal 63
Dissection 65
X Video 2.3 Front of Thigh
Facts to Remember 65
Clinicoanatomical Problem 65
Further Reading 65
Frequently Asked Questions 65
Multiple Choice Questions 65
Viva Voce 66
4. Medial Side of Thigh 67
Introduction 67
Adductor Compartment 67
Boundaries 67
Dissection 67
Muscles of Adductor/Medial Compartment of Thigh 68
Relations of Adductor Longus 68
Obturator Nerve 69
Clinical Anatomy 70
Accessory Obturator Nerve 71
Obturator Artery 71
Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery 71
Clinical Anatomy 72
X Video 2.4 Medial Side of Thigh
Facts to Remember 72
Clinicoanatomical Problem 72
Further Reading 72
Frequently Asked Questions 73
Multiple Choice Questions 73
Viva Voce 73
5. Gluteal Region 74
Introduction 74
Surface Landmarks 74
Dissection 75
Superficial and Deep Fascia 75
Superficial Fascia 75
Cutaneous Nerves 75
Cutaneous Vessels and Lymphatics 76
Deep Fascia 76
Muscles of Gluteal Region 76
Structures under Cover of Gluteus Maximus 78
Structures Deep to the Gluteus Medius 80
Structures Deep to the Gluteus Minimus 80
Dissection 80
Clinical Anatomy 80
Sacrotuberous and Sacrospinous Ligaments 82
Nerves of the Gluteal Region 82
Superior Gluteal Nerve 82
Inferior Gluteal Nerve 82
Sciatic Nerve 82
Clinical Anatomy 82
Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh 83
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris 83
Pudendal Nerve 83
Nerve to the Obturator Internus 83
Perforating Cutaneous Nerve 83
Arteries of Gluteal Region 84
Superior Gluteal Artery 84
Inferior Gluteal Artery 84
Internal Pudendal Artery 84
Trochanteric Anastomosis 84
Cruciate Anastomosis 84
Structures Passing through the Greater Sciatic
Foramen (Gateway of Gluteal Region) 85
Structures Passing through the Lesser
Sciatic Foramen 85
X Video 2.5 Gluteal Region
Facts to Remember 85
Clinicoanatomical Problem 85
Further Reading 85
Frequently Asked Questions 86
Multiple Choice Questions 86
Viva Voce 86
6. Popliteal Fossa 87
Introduction 87
Surface Landmarks 87
Dissection 87
Location 87
Boundaries 87
Contents 89
Popliteal Artery 89
Clinical Anatomy 90
Popliteal Vein 90
Tibial Nerve in Popliteal Fossa 91
Clinical Anatomy 91
Common Peroneal Nerve 91
Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh 92
Genicular Branch of Obturator Nerve 92
Popliteal Lymph Nodes 92
Clinical Anatomy 92
Anastomoses Around the Knee Joint 92
X Video 2.6 Popliteal Fossa
Mnemonics 93
Facts to Remember 93
Clinicoanatomical Problem 93
Further Reading 93
Frequently Asked Questions 94
Multiple Choice Questions 94
Viva Voce 94
7. Back of Thigh 95
Introduction 95
Muscles and Nerves 95
Muscles of the Back of Thigh 95
Dissection 95
Clinical Anatomy 95
Sciatic Nerve 99
Clinical Anatomy 100
Arteries of the Back of Thigh 101
Anastomoses on the Back of Thigh 102
X Video 2.7 Back of the Thigh
Facts to Remember 103
Clinicoanatomical Problem 103
Further Reading 103
Frequently Asked Questions 104
Multiple Choice Questions 104
Viva Voce 104
8. Front of Leg with Dorsum of Foot;
Lateral and Medial Sides of Leg 105
Introduction 105
Surface Landmarks 105
Superficial Fascia 106
Superficial Veins 106
Cutaneous Nerves 107
Dissection 107
Clinical Anatomy 107
Deep Fascia 107
Superior Extensor Retinaculum 108
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum 109
Dissection 109
Clinical Anatomy 109
Muscles of Front of Leg 109
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of the Leg 109
Anterior Tibial Artery 109
Deep Peroneal Nerve 113
Dissection 114
Clinical Anatomy 115
Dorsum of Foot 115
Dorsalis Pedis Artery (Dorsal Artery of the Foot) 115
Dissection 116
Clinical Anatomy 116
Fascia and Muscles of Lateral Side of the Leg 116
Peroneal Retinacula 116
Dissection 117
Clinical Anatomy 117
Peroneal Muscles 117
Clinical Anatomy 117
Superficial Peroneal Nerve 117
Dissection 118
Clinical Anatomy 118
Tendons on Medial Side of the Leg 118
Dissection 119
Clinical Anatomy 119
X Video 2.8 Front of Leg
Mnemonics 119
Facts to Remember 120
Clinicoanatomical Problem 120
Further Reading 120
Frequently Asked Questions 121
Multiple Choice Questions 121
Viva Voce 121
9. Back of Leg 123
Introduction 123
Superficial Fascia 123
Small or Short Saphenous Vein 123
Great or Long Saphenous Vein 123
Cutaneous Nerves 123
Dissection 124
Clinical Anatomy 124
Deep Fascia 124
Boundaries and Subdivisions 124
Flexor Retinaculum 125
Dissection 125
Clinical Anatomy 126
Muscles 126
Superficial Muscles 126
Deep Muscles 128
Dissection 129
Clinical Anatomy 129
Posterior Tibial Artery 130
Peroneal Artery 131
Tibial Nerve 131
Clinical Anatomy 132
X Video 2.9 Back of Leg
Mnemonics 133
Facts to Remember 133
Clinicoanatomical Problem 133
Further Reading 133