Textbook of Pathology

SECTIONI GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathology
Common Terms and Definitions 1
History and Evolution of Pathology 2 Prehistoric Times to Medieval Period 2; Human Anatomy and Era of Gross Pathology 3; Era of Technology Development and Cellular Pathology 4,
Development of Newer Diagnostic Techniques in Pathology 5 Subdivisions of Pathology 6 Morphological Branches 7: Non-morphological Branches 7
Chapter 2: Molecular Cell Biology in Health and in Ageing
Human Genome 8
Biomembranes-Molecular Organisation and Functions 12 Plasma Membrane 12; Other Membranes 12. Functions of Plasma Membrane 13
Biology of Cell Organelles 13 Cytoskeleton: The Cell Scaffolding 14: Mitochondria: The Energy Centre 15; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes and Golgi Apparatus: The Biosynthesis Machinery 16: Lysosomes, Peroxisomes and Proteasomes: Waste Disposal and Recycling Machinery 17
Extracellular Matrix 18 Definition and Types 18 Cellular Communications 21 Intercellular Junctions 21; Molecular Interactions 21
Cell Cycle and its Regulators 24 Overview of Cell Cycle 24; Checkpoints in Cell Cycle 25; Intrinsic Controls: Checkpoint Regulators 25; Extrinsic Controls: Growth Factors and Receptors 26
Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine 27 Biology of Ageing 28 Cellular Basis of Ageing 29; Organ Changes in Ageing 30
Chapter 3: Cellular Adaptations and Cell Injury
Response to Cell Injury and Causes 31 Etiology of Cell Injury 31
Cellular Adaptations 32 Atrophy 33; Hypertrophy 34; Hyperplasia 34; Metaplasia 35; Dysplasia 36 Pathogenesis of Cell Injury 37 Pathogenesis of Ischaemic-Hypoxic Injury 38;
3
1
Ischaemic-Reperfusion and Free Radical-Mediated Cell Injury 41; Stress Proteins in Cell Injury 42: Pathogenesis of Chemical Injury 42; Pathogenesis of Physical Injury 43
Morphology of Cell Injury 43 Morphology of Reversible Cell Injury 43; Morphology of Irreversible Cell Injury (Cell Death) 45; Gangrene 49; Pathologic Calcification 51
Programmed Cell Death 53 Apoptosis 53; Variants of Programmed Cell Death 56; Autophagy 57 Intracellular Accumulations 58 Excessive Intracellular Accumulation of Normal Constituents 58: Pigments 60
Chapter 4: Inflammation and Repair
Definitions and General Features 66
Acute Inflammatory Response 67 Vascular Events 67; Cellular Events 70 Chemical Mediators of Inflammation 73 Cell-derived Mediators 73; Plasma-derived Mediators
(Plasma Proteases) 77
Inflammatory Cells 79
Other Features of Acute Inflammation and its Outcome 82 Factors Determining Variation in Response 83:
Morphologic Patterns of Acute Inflammation 83: Systemic Effects of Acute Inflammation 84;
Outcome of Acute Inflammation 85
Chronic Inflammation-Types and General Features 85 General Features and Types of Chronic Inflammation 86
Common Examples of Granulomatous Inflammation 88 Tuberculosis 89; Leprosy 98; Syphilis 101;
Actinomycosis 103; Sarcoidosis (Boeck Sarcoid) 105 Tissue Repair-General Aspects 107 Regeneration and Repair 107; Factors Influencing Tissue Repair 109
Selected Examples of Tissue Repair 110 Healing of Skin Wounds 110; Healing in Specialised Tissues 112
Chapter 5: Immunopathology, AIDS and Amyloidosis
Normal Immune System 115 Types of Immunity 116; Organs and Cells of Immune System 117; Cytokines as Immune Modulators 120
Major Histocompatibility Complex and Transplantation 121 Organ Transplant Pathology 122
SECTIONI GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathology
Common Terms and Definitions 1
History and Evolution of Pathology 2 Prehistoric Times to Medieval Period 2; Human Anatomy and Era of Gross Pathology 3; Era of Technology Development and Cellular Pathology 4,
Development of Newer Diagnostic Techniques in Pathology 5 Subdivisions of Pathology 6 Morphological Branches 7: Non-morphological Branches 7
Chapter 2: Molecular Cell Biology in Health and in Ageing
Human Genome 8
Biomembranes-Molecular Organisation and Functions 12 Plasma Membrane 12; Other Membranes 12. Functions of Plasma Membrane 13
Biology of Cell Organelles 13 Cytoskeleton: The Cell Scaffolding 14: Mitochondria: The Energy Centre 15; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosomes and Golgi Apparatus: The Biosynthesis Machinery 16: Lysosomes, Peroxisomes and Proteasomes: Waste Disposal and Recycling Machinery 17
Extracellular Matrix 18 Definition and Types 18 Cellular Communications 21 Intercellular Junctions 21; Molecular Interactions 21
Cell Cycle and its Regulators 24 Overview of Cell Cycle 24; Checkpoints in Cell Cycle 25; Intrinsic Controls: Checkpoint Regulators 25; Extrinsic Controls: Growth Factors and Receptors 26
Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine 27 Biology of Ageing 28 Cellular Basis of Ageing 29; Organ Changes in Ageing 30
Chapter 3: Cellular Adaptations and Cell Injury
Response to Cell Injury and Causes 31 Etiology of Cell Injury 31
Cellular Adaptations 32 Atrophy 33; Hypertrophy 34; Hyperplasia 34; Metaplasia 35; Dysplasia 36 Pathogenesis of Cell Injury 37 Pathogenesis of Ischaemic-Hypoxic Injury 38;
3
1
Ischaemic-Reperfusion and Free Radical-Mediated Cell Injury 41; Stress Proteins in Cell Injury 42: Pathogenesis of Chemical Injury 42; Pathogenesis of Physical Injury 43
Morphology of Cell Injury 43 Morphology of Reversible Cell Injury 43; Morphology of Irreversible Cell Injury (Cell Death) 45; Gangrene 49; Pathologic Calcification 51
Programmed Cell Death 53 Apoptosis 53; Variants of Programmed Cell Death 56; Autophagy 57 Intracellular Accumulations 58 Excessive Intracellular Accumulation of Normal Constituents 58: Pigments 60
Chapter 4: Inflammation and Repair
Definitions and General Features 66
Acute Inflammatory Response 67 Vascular Events 67; Cellular Events 70 Chemical Mediators of Inflammation 73 Cell-derived Mediators 73; Plasma-derived Mediators
(Plasma Proteases) 77
Inflammatory Cells 79
Other Features of Acute Inflammation and its Outcome 82 Factors Determining Variation in Response 83:
Morphologic Patterns of Acute Inflammation 83: Systemic Effects of Acute Inflammation 84;
Outcome of Acute Inflammation 85
Chronic Inflammation-Types and General Features 85 General Features and Types of Chronic Inflammation 86
Common Examples of Granulomatous Inflammation 88 Tuberculosis 89; Leprosy 98; Syphilis 101;
Actinomycosis 103; Sarcoidosis (Boeck Sarcoid) 105 Tissue Repair-General Aspects 107 Regeneration and Repair 107; Factors Influencing Tissue Repair 109
Selected Examples of Tissue Repair 110 Healing of Skin Wounds 110; Healing in Specialised Tissues 112
Chapter 5: Immunopathology, AIDS and Amyloidosis
Normal Immune System 115 Types of Immunity 116; Organs and Cells of Immune System 117; Cytokines as Immune Modulators 120
Major Histocompatibility Complex and Transplantation 121 Organ Transplant Pathology 122
CONTENTS
137
Chapter 6 Homeostasis, Derangements of Body Water and Haemodynamic Disonters
Derangements of Bady Water 157
Crude Cry Dubs
Chapter 7. Neoplasia
Nomenclature and and Classication
Chasarterit mustas of 100 Canc and Stem Celth 100
Cand elegy of Cancer 199 Cance Spread of furr 190 Predisposing Facts 19
Molecular Bacts of Concer of Cancer 202 Theones of Carts 202 Fundamentals of Macular Carcinogenesis J
marks of Cancer 201 cology and ed Pathogenesis: Carshongens and Carcinogenesis 214 Chem Esiology Physical Cecinogenes Cal Carcinogenesta te Blagical mess 214 Chemical Carcinogenesis 214
Clinical Aspects of Reoplesis 226 Efects of Tumeurs 270 Grading, Staging, an ureurs 229, Precision Oncology and Liquid Biopsy 233
Chapter 8 Infections and Infestations
General Aspects 235
Bacteriol Diseases 237 Plaque 237, Anthes 23 Lymphingranuloma Venereum 240 Car 23 Whooping Cough (P) 239, Doneveχους 240 Sorae Scratch Disease 240 Staphylococcal infections 240
Зервососка бестолу 241 Clostridal Dit Fungal Diseeses eases 241: Lyme Dineeve 242 243 Myretima 241, Candidiasis 243 Cutaneous Superh Viral Disesses 244 Vihaleemom Haemorrhagic Fevers ficial Mycomes 244 244 fluenza Wus intictions 246. Coronavirus Respiratory
Infections 240 Varicella Zost Zoster Virna telection 247, Herpes Simptes Virus infection 24 tables 24 Polo 248 Parasitic Diseases 248 Angebot 24 Malanin 240 Babesios 250, Filarias 251. Cysticerasus 251 TORCH Comples mples 251
Microbial Blaterrorem, Emerging and Re emrging Infectious Diseases 252
Chapter 9: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases.
Environmental Diseases 254 fronmental Pollution 254 Chemical and Drug Injury 257 yury by Physical Agents 260
Nutritional Diseases 260 Nutritional Requirement 260 Obesity 201, Starvation 262. Protein Energy Malnutrition 262, Metals and Trace Elements 261. Disorders of Vitamins 263, Diet and Cancer 221
Chapter 10: Genetic and Paediatric Diseases
Genetic Diseases 273: Deviropmental Defects 273, Cytogenetic (Karyotypit) Abnormalities 274
Mendelian Disorders 277
Paediatric Diseases 281: Non-neoplastic Conditions of Infancy Tumours of infancy and Childhood 282 and Childhood 281
SECTION II HAEMATOLYMPHOID SYSTEM AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Chapter 11: Haematopoiesis and Red Blood Cell Disorders
Bone Marrow and Haematopoiesis 285 riaematopoietic Organs 286 Haematopoietic Stem Cells 28
Bone Marrow Examination 287
Erythropoiesis 288 Erythropoietin, 280, Erythroid Senes 289, The Red Cell 290, Nutritional Requirements for Erythropoiesis
Anaemia-General Aspects 292 Pathophys Arra nysogy 292 Ormen Conic Fhabines 297
General Scheme of Hypochromic Anaemias 295
Anaemia of Chronica 101 Megaloblastic Anaemias 30%
Але 20 2SA
Perm Haemolytic Anaemias and Anaemia due to Blue Lass 309
General Arects 100, And my Anemia de todas 123
Aplastic Anaemia and Other Pi her Primary Bone Marr324 114
Myelophis A125, Pre Red Con A 126
Chapter 12: Haemostasis and its Disorders
Nermal Harmostatic System Tests for Haematati, function 127 Theonbonmon 117, Mesmo of 32
Bleeding Disorders 231. Vascular feesting Donners 31 ding din Paterer toonten 112 Bleeding due to Coagulon Ders 135. Diserted inttavat eaquianon (0) 17
Chapter 13: White Blood Cell Proliferations and Myeloid Neoplasms
White Blood Cells Normal and fteactive Proliferations 340 Granulepe 340 Lymphopoiesis 342, Mature Leucocytes in Health and their Parhelogic Varution 34
Infectious Mononuclemis 386 Leukaemold Reactions 348
Haematolymphoid Neoplasms-General Aspects 349 Classificatiori Schemmy 349
Enology of Haematolymphoid Neoplasms 150 Pathogenesis 350
Myeloid Neoplasms 351 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms 351 Myelodysptatic Netiplasms 35
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia 357 Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Neoplasms 361 Langerhans Call Histiocytosis ILCHY 361
Chapter 14. Disorders of Lymphoid Cells of Blood and Tissues
Normal and Reactive Lymphadenitis 363 Reactive Lymphadenitis 364
The Spleen and its Common Lesions 366 Splenic Enlargement 366:
Splenectomy and Splenic Rupture 367: Splenic Tumours 360
The Thymus and its Common Diseases 368 Structural and Functional Changes 368. Thymoma 368 Lymphoid Neoplasms-General Aspects 369 Basis of Classification 369,
Classification Schemes 369. Common to All Lymphoid Neoplasms 371
Precursor Lymphoid Neoplasms 373 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia/Lymphoma (ALL/LBL) 373 Mature B-Cell Neoplasms 375
Mature T-Cell and NK-Cell Neoplasms 379
Hodgkin Lymphoma 380
Plasma Cell Neoplasms sand Other Paraproteinaemias 384 Plasma Cell Myeloma 385, Plasmacytoma 388 Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia 388; Heavy Chain Diseases 388, Monoclonal Gammopathies 388
Chapter 15: Blood Banking and Transfusion
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies 390: Transfusion Process 391; Compatibility Testing (Cross-matching) 391 Indications for Blood Transfusion and Components 391: Autologous Blood Transfusion 392.
Transfusion Reactions 392, Haemolytic Disease of Newborn 393
SECTION III SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
Chapter 16: Blood Vessels and Lymphatics
Normal Structure 395
Arteriosclerosis 396 Senile Arteriosclerosis 396; Hypertensive Arteriolosclerosis 396
Manckeberg Arteriosclerosis (Medial Calcific Sclerosis) 398. Atherosclerosis 398 Vasculitis 405 Infectious Arteritis 405, Non-infectious Arteritis 407
Aneurysms 410 Atherosclerotic Aneurysms 410; Syphilitic (Luetic) Aneurysms 411;
Dissecting Aneurysms and Cystic Medial Necrosis 411; Fibromuscular Dysplasia 412
Common Non-neoplastic Diseases of Veins 413 Varicosities 413, Phlebothrombosis and Thrombophlebitis 4
Common Non-neoplastic Diseases of Lymphatics 414 Lymphangitis Lymphoedema
Vascular and Perivascular Tumours Malformations and Reactive Proliferations Benign Tumours Intermediate Grade Tumours Malignant Tumours