Textbook of Roga Nidana & Vikriti Vigyan

Contents
Definition and Importance of Roga Nidana and Vikriti Vigyana
Dosha
Dhatu
Mal
Definition of Roga Nidana and Vikriti Vigyana
Roga
Nidana
Vikriti
Vigyana
Concept of disease
Importance of Roga Nidana in Ayurveda
Significance of Roga Nidana and Vikriti Vigyana
Dosha Prakopaka Karana and Kshaya Karana
Etiological factors of the vitiation of Vata Dosha
Section-1 Dosha Dushyadi Vigyan
The effects of Snigdha (unctuous) Ahara
The ill effects produced due to
less food intake
Dosha Vriddhi and Kshaya
Lakshana
Vata Dosha Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana
Vata Vriddhi Lakshana
Pitta Vriddhi and Kshaya
Lakshana
Kapha Vriddha and Kshaya Lakshana
Clinical pearls
Dosha Prakopa Karma
Vata Prakopa Karma
3 Asraya Asrayi Bhava
Clinical application
4 Dhatu Vriddhi Kshaya Lakshana
Vyayama
Line of treatment in case of increase of Dhatu in the body
Benefits of performing the exercise
Rasa Dhatu Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana
Vriddhi Lakshana of Rasa Dhatu
Causative factors of Vata Dosha Prakopa (As per Sushruta)
Kshaya Lakshana of Rasa Dhatu
Etiological factors of vitiation of Pitta Dosha
Rakta Dhatu Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana
Atasi
Kshaya Lakshana of Rakta Dhatu
Causative factors of Pitta Prakopa
Etiological factors of vitiation of Kapha Dosha
Dugdha Bhakshya
Ikshu Bhakshya
Dadhi
Causative factors of vitiation of Kapha Dosha
Mamsa Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana
Mamsa Kshaya Lakshana
Medo Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana
Meda Vriddhi Lakshana
Meda Kshaya Lakshana
Asthi Vriddhi and Kshaya
Lakshana
Dosha Kshaya Karana
Asthi Vriddhi Lakshana
Majja Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana
Majja Kshaya Lakshana
Shukra Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana
Clinical application
5 Mala Vriddhi Kshaya Lakshana
Line of treatment in case of Increase of Dhatu in the bod
Mutra Vriddhi Kshaya Lakshana
80
Mutra Vriddhi Lakshana
80
Mutra Kshaya Lakshana
80
Purisha Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana
81
8 Sama Nirama Dosha and Dushya Lakshana
Meaning of the term 'Sama' and 'Nirama'
Sama and Nirama Dosha Lakshana
Sama and Nirana Vata Lakshana
Sama and Nirama Pitta Lakshana
Nirarna Pitta Lakshana
Sama and Nirama Kapha Lakshana
Nirama Kapha Lakshana
Saama Rasa Dhatu Lakshana
Saama Raktadhatu Lakshana
Purisha Vriddhi Lakshana
81
Saama Mamsa Dhatu Lakshana
Purisha Kshaya Lakshana
82
Saama Medo Dhatu Lakshana
Sveda Vriddhi and Kshaya
82
Lakshana
Sveda Vriddhi Lakshana
82
Sveda Kshaya
82
Saama Asthi Dhatu Lakshana
Saama Majja Dhatu Lakshana
Saama Shukra Dhatu Lakshana
Saama Mutra Lakshana
Clinical application
83
Nirama Mutra Lakshana
6 Hetu, Bheda And Lakshana of Agni Dushti
85
Saama Sveda Lakshana
Introduction
85
Nirama Sveda Lakshana
Physiology of Agni
86
9
Samagni
88
10
Concept of Avarana
Vishamagni
89
Tikshnagni
89
Mandagni
89
Nidana of Agnidushti
89
Samprapti of Agni Dushti
91
Lakshana of Agni Dushti
92
Doshapaka and Dhatupaka
Characters of Avarana
Pathophysiology of Avarana
Anyonya Avarana (Amurta Avarana)
Clinical types of Avarana
Diagnosis of Avarana
7 Definition of Ama and Samanya Lakshana
94
Exclusion by Nidana
Exclusion by Lakshana
Interpretation of Ama
95
Causes of formation of Ama
95
Samanya Lakshana of Ama
96
Exclusion by Upashaya
Complications of Avarana
11
Dosha Gati and Rogamarga
Introduction
Prakrita Lakshana of Dosha
123
Normal functioning of Vata Dosha
123
Normal functioning of Pitta Dosha
123
Normal functioning of Kapha. Dosha
123
Vriddha Lakshana of Dosha
123
Vriddha Lakshana of Vata Dosha
123
Vriddha Lakshana of Pitta Dosha
123
Vriddha Lakshana of Kapha Dosha
123
Kshaya Lakshana of Dosha
123
Kshaya Lakshana of Vata Dosha
123
Kshaya Lakshana of Pitta Dosha
124
Kshaya Lakshana of Kapha Dosha
124
Characters of Srotas
Importance of Srotas in pathogenesis
Synonyms of Srotas
Types of Srotas
Importance of Srotomula
Samanya Sroto dushti Karana
Samanya Sroto Dushti Lakshana
Samanya Sroto Viddha Lakshana
Difference between Khavaigunya and Srotodushti
Pranavaha Srotas
Pranavaha Srotomula
Dushti Lakshana of Prariavaha Srotas
Viddha Lakshana of Pranavaha Srotas
Reasons for the movement of Dosha from Koshtha to Shakha
Respiratory system
125
Cardiovascular system
Reasons for the movement of Dosha from Shakha to Koshtha
Blood vessels
126
Cardiovascular system and respiratory system and important diseases
Rogamarga
126
Introduction
127
Udakavaha Srotas
Shakha Rogamarga
127
Udakavaha Srotomula
Marmasthi Sandhi
128
Srotodushti Karana
Koshtha
128
Srotodushti Lakshana of Udakavaha Srotas
Diseases afflicting Shakha
128
Rogamarga
Diseases afflicting Madhyama Rogamarga
128
Diseases afflicting Koshtha Rogamarga
128
Significance of knowledge of Doshagati and Rogamarga
128
Conclusion
130
12 Concept of Srotas
133
Introduction
133
Viddha Lakshana of Udakavaha Srotas
Internal environment
Normal water and electrolyte balance (Gibbs Donnan equilibrium)
Regulation of water balance in the body
ADH Mechanism
Annavaha Srotas
Derivation of Srotas
Nidang Prakasha A Testhook of Roga Nidana and Vikriti Vigyan
Medovaha Srotomula
Causes of affliction of Medovaha Srotas
Symptoms of affliction of Medovaha Srotas
Symptoms of injury, to
Medovaha Srotas
Adipose tissue
Asthivaha Srotas
Asthivaha Srotomula
Causes of affliction of Asthivaha Srotas
Symptoms of affliction of Asthivaha Srotas
Majjavaha Srotas
Majjavaha Srotomula
Causes of affliction of Majjavaha Srotas
Symptoms of affliction of Majjavaha Srotas
Spetemule of Amavaña Srotas
Comes of vitamien of Annavsha
149
S symptoms showing the vilation of Annavaha Srotas
140
Symptoms showing the Injury to Annavahe Srotas
150
Stomach
150
Varta Parshives
151
Common diseases afflicting
151
alimentary anal
Rasavahe Srotas
151
Srotomula of Rasavalia Srotas
151
Causes of vitiation of Rasavaha Srotas
151
Bone
Symptoms of Rasavaha Srotas affliction
152
Symptoms of injury to Rasavaha Srotas
153
Lymphatic system
153
Raktavaha Srotas
154
Raktavaha Srotomula
154
Causes of affliction of Raktavaha Srotas
155
Symptoms of affliction of Raktavaha Srotas
155
Symptoms of injury to
156
Raktavaha Srotas
Haemopoietic system
156
Red blood
156
White blood cells (WBCS)
157
Mamsavaha Srotas
158
Srotomula of Mamsavaha Srotas
158
Symptoms of affliction of Mamsavaha Srotas
158
Symptoms of injury to Mamsavaha Srotas
158
Muscular tissue
159
Medovaha Srotas
160
Bone marrow
Functions of bone marrow
Sukravaha Srotas
Shukravaha Srotomula
Causes of affliction of Shukravaha Srotas
Symptoms of affliction of Shukravaha Srotas
Symptoms of injury to Shukravaha Srotas
Male reproductive system
The functions of male reproductive system can be divided into three major sub divisions.
Few clinical conditions afflicting
male reproductive system
Mutravaha Srotas
Mutravaha Srotomula
Traumatic Diseases
20
8 types of Udara
Environmental Diseases
209
Lead poisoning
210
Causes of lead poisoning
210
Pathology
210
Carbon monoxide poisoning
211
Clinical features of carbon monoxide poisoning
211
Environmental chemicals
211
5 ICO Classification of Diseases
214
History of ICD
214
Purpose of ICD
215
Uses of ICD
215
Structure of ICD-11
215
The changes observed in ICD- 11 when compared to ICD-10
217
Personality disorder (PD)
219
Gaming disorder
220
Sexual health
221
Traditional medicine
222
Other notable changes in the ICD-11 include
223
types of Mutraghata
types of Kshiradosha
8 types of Retodasha
Classification of diseases having
7 types
7 types of Kushtha
7 types of Pidaka
7 types of Visarpa
Classification based on 6 types
6 types of Atisara
6 types of Udavarta
Classification of diseases having
5 types
S types of Gulma
5 types of Kasa
5 types of Shvasa
5 types of Hikka
5 types of Trishna
5 types of Chardi
5 types of Arochaka
5 types of Shiroroga
DSM-5
223
5 types of Hridroga
Distinction from ICD
224
5 types of Pandu
Earlier versions of DSM classification
224
Classification of diseases having 4 types
DSM1-1952
224
Classification of diseases having 3 types
DSM II-1968
225
DSM-III (1980)
226
Classification of diseases having 2 types
DSM-III-R (1987)
226
DSM-IV (1994)
227
Classification of diseases having
20 types
DSM-IV-TR (2000)
227
20 types of Krimi
DSM-5 (2013)
227
20 types of Prameha
6 Concept of Samanyaja and Nanatmaja Vikara
230
20 types of Yonivyapat
Meaning of Samanyaja Vikara
230
Number of Nanatmaja Vikara
Meaning of Nanatmaja Vikara
230
Pittaja Nanatmaja Vikara
Number of Samanyaja Vikara is
230
Kaphaja Nanatmaja Vikara
48 in number
Raktaja Nanatmaja Vikara
Nidanarthakara Roga
237
Gulma
Definition of Nidanarthakara
25
237
Roga
Madhumeha
25
Examples given for Nidanarthakara Vyadhi
Rajayakshma
25
237
Bhagandara
25
Types of Nidanarthakara Roga
Arshas
238
2
Hetu Sankara
Ashmari
238
Linga Sankara
239
Mudhagarbha
Vyadhi Sankara
9 Ashta Nindita
239
Vyadhi Avastha
Meaning of Ashta Nindita
239
7 Dhatu Pradoshaja Vikara
People included in Ashta
243
Nindita Purusha
Rakta Pradoshaja Vikara
243
Gangadhara included three more
Mamsa Pradoshaja Vikara
244
Medo Pradoshaja Vikara
244
Ati Sthula Purusha
Asthi Pradoshaja Vikara
244
Causative factors of Ati Sthaulya
Majja Pradoshaja Vikara
244
Shukra Pradoshaja Vikara
245
Ati Sthula Dosha
Upadhatu Pradoshaja Vikara
Π
245
Pathogenesis of eight Sthula Dosha
Mala Pradoshaja Vikara
245
Clinical application
Ayusho Hrasa (shortening of life span)
246
Indriya Pradoshaja Vikara
246
Javoparodha (sluggish movement)
Clinical application of Indriya Pradoshaja Vikara
247
8 Ashta Mahagada
249
Mahagada
249
Causative factors of Ashta
249
Mahagada
Ashta Mahagada as per different Ayurveda scholars
249
Reasons for the incurability of Ashta Mahagada
Krichra Vyavayata
Daurbalya
Daurgandhya
Kshudatimatra and Pipasatiyoga
Pathophysiology of obesity
Diagnosis of Ati Sthula
250
Vatavyadhi (disease of nervous system and connective tissue)
Ati Krisha (over emaciated
person) Cardinal features of Ati Karshya
250
Apasmara (convulsive disorders)
250
Causative factors of Ati Karshya
Kushtha (all types of skin diseases)
251
Raktapitta (bleeding disorders)
251
Lakshana of Ati Krisha Purusha
Importance of understanding of Ashta Nindita
10 Definition and Classification of Vyadhikshamatva
Udara Roga
Classification of Vyadhikshamatva
259
Nidana and Vikriti Vigyan
Quantity and location of Ojas
Functions of Ojas
Types of Bala
259
Ojas Kshaya Hetu
Methods of improving Vyadhi Kshamatva in the individuals
260
Ojo Dushti Lakshana
20
11 Concept of Ojas and Types of Ojo
Ojo Kshaya as per Vagbhata
262
2
Dushti
Ojo Visramsa
2
Utpatti of Ojas
Clinical features observed in
262
2
Ojo Visramsa
Nourishment of ojas
262
Ojo Vyapat
Gunas of Ojas
262
Clinical features observed in
The qualities of Ojas are ten
fold
262
Ojo Vyapat
Ojo Kshaya
Importance of Ojas
263
Conclusion
Classification of Ojas
263
Section III Basic Pathology
1 Introduction To Pathology and Subdivisions
267
Terminologies used in pathology
268
Subdivisions of the pathology
269
2 Cell Injury and Cellular Adaptations
Cellular responses to injury
271
271
Causes of cell injury
271
Genetic causes
271
Hypoxia and ischemia
273
Physical agents
273
Chemical agents and drugs
273
Microbial agents injuries
273
caused by
Immunological agents
273
Nutritional derangements
273
Psychological factors
274
4 Different pathological events happening inside the human body
Pathogenesis of cell injury
274
Cellular Adaptations
276
Atrophy
277
Hypertrophy
277
Hyperplasia
278
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Cellular adaptations
Cellular Aging
3 Inflammation and Healing
Causes of inflammation
Inflammation and infection
Vascular events
Cellular events
Fate of acute inflammation
Causes of chronic inflammation
General features of chronic inflammation
Systemic effects of chronic inflammation
Repair or healing
Mechanism of oedema
Classification of oedema
Investigations performed in
case of valuation of oedema
Shock
294
Stages of shock
297
Depending upon the degree of severity, shock is divided into 3
297
stages
Hemorrhage
299
Congestion
300
Autoimmune diseases of
thyroid gland
Immune Pathology
Hyper functioning of immune system
Classification of hypersensitivity reactions
Mechanism of congestion
300
Clinical features of congestion
300
Thrombosis
4 types (as per Coombs and Gell in 1963) nowadays widely used
301
Causes of thrombosis
Type I hypersensitivity reaction
301
Patterns of clot formation
Type II reaction
301
Fate of thrombus
301
Embolism
302
Varieties of embolism
6 Neoplasm
302
Ischemia
303
Causes of ischemia
303
Changes after ischemia
304
Factors determining extent of damage by ischemia
304
Infarction
304
Microscopic changes of infarction
304
5 Immunity and Autoimmunity and Immune Pathology
308
Innate immunity
309
Type III reaction
Type IV reaction
Definition of neoplasm
Nomenclature of the neoplasm
Clinical features of neoplasm
Prognosis in neoplasm
7
Introduction to Nutritional Disorders-Macro and Micro Nutrients
Essential nutrients
Non essential nutrients
Metabolic changes
Protein energy malnutrition
Disorders of vitamins
Mechanisms of innate immunity
310
Acquired immunity
311
Trace elements
Sequelae of obesity
Autoimmunity
313
8 Introduction to Infections
Diseases of autoimmune
313
Mechanism of auto
313
immunisation
Factors relating to infectious agents
General clinical features of infection
Classification of autoimmune diseases
313
9 Introduction and Classification of Micro Organisms
Hemocytolytic autoimmune diseases
313
Bacteria
Virus
Localised (organ specific) autoimmune diseases
Fungi
Section IV Nidana Panchaka Vigyana
1
Roga Pariksha and Rogi Pariksha
348
2 types-Naishthika and Laukika
348
Roga Pariksha
348
Types of Pariksha
Relevance of the knowledge of Nidana in the present era
350
Utility of Pariksha
4
Purvarupa
353
2 Nidana Panchaka
Synonyms of Purvarupa
353
Nidana
Types of Purvarupa
354
Purvarupa
5
Rupa
355
Rupa
Definition of Rupa
Upashaya
355
Synonyms of Rupa
Samprapti
356
Determination of Pratyatma Lakshana
3
Concept of Nidana
359
Meaning of Nidana
359
Importance of Rupa and its relevance in current era
Characters of Nidana
360
Synonyms of Nidana
361
6 Upashaya
Sannikrishta Hetu
362
Upashaya and Anupashaya
Viprakrishta Hetu
362
Synonyms
Vyabhichari Hetu
363
Types of Upashaya
Pradhanika Hetu
363
Utility of Upashaya in clinical practice
3 types-Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga, Prajnaparadha and Parinama
363
7 Samprapti
Concept of Samprapti
Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga
363
Prajnaparadha
364
Type of Dosha vitiated in the body
Parinama
365
3 types Dosha Hetu, Vyadhi Hetu and Ubhaya Hetu
365
2 types Utpadaka Hetu and Vyanjaka Hetu
366
2 types Bahya Hetu and Abhyantara Hetu
Manner of the movement of the Dosha across human body
Manner of the manifestation of disease
Sankhya Samprapti
366
Vikalpa Samprapti
2 types Prakrita Hetu and Vaikrita Hetu
366
Pradhanya Samprapti
Bala Samprapti
2 types Anubandhya Hetu and Anubandha Hetu
367
Kala Samprapti
2 types Sadharana and Asadharana Hetu
367
Vidhi Samprapti
1 type Ashayapakarsha Hetu
367
Vol. 1
Balakala Samprapti
Relevance of Samprapti in current era
Samprapti Ghataka
Section IV Nidana Panchaka Vigyana
1
Roga Pariksha and Rogi Pariksha
348
2 types-Naishthika and Laukika
348
Roga Pariksha
348
Types of Pariksha
Relevance of the knowledge of Nidana in the present era
350
Utility of Pariksha
4
Purvarupa
353
2 Nidana Panchaka
Synonyms of Purvarupa
353
Nidana
Types of Purvarupa
354
Purvarupa
5
Rupa
355
Rupa
Definition of Rupa
Upashaya
355
Synonyms of Rupa
Samprapti
356
Determination of Pratyatma Lakshana
3
Concept of Nidana
359
Meaning of Nidana
359
Importance of Rupa and its relevance in current era
Characters of Nidana
360
Synonyms of Nidana
361
6 Upashaya
Sannikrishta Hetu
362
Upashaya and Anupashaya
Viprakrishta Hetu
362
Synonyms
Vyabhichari Hetu
363
Types of Upashaya
Pradhanika Hetu
363
Utility of Upashaya in clinical practice
3 types-Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga, Prajnaparadha and Parinama
363
7 Samprapti
Concept of Samprapti
Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga
363
Prajnaparadha
364
Type of Dosha vitiated in the body
Parinama
365
3 types Dosha Hetu, Vyadhi Hetu and Ubhaya Hetu
365
2 types Utpadaka Hetu and Vyanjaka Hetu
366
2 types Bahya Hetu and Abhyantara Hetu
Manner of the movement of the Dosha across human body
Manner of the manifestation of disease
Sankhya Samprapti
366
Vikalpa Samprapti
2 types Prakrita Hetu and Vaikrita Hetu
366
Pradhanya Samprapti
Bala Samprapti
2 types Anubandhya Hetu and Anubandha Hetu
367
Kala Samprapti
2 types Sadharana and Asadharana Hetu
367
Vidhi Samprapti
1 type Ashayapakarsha Hetu
367
Vol. 1
Balakala Samprapti
Relevance of Samprapti in current era
Samprapti Ghataka
Neck
547
Genitalia
548
Character and Distribution of Hair
548
10
Respiratory System
553
Approach to the patient of respiratory disease
553
Cough
554
Sputum
554
Haemoptysis
555
Anatomical areas of the chest
555
Pre requesites of systemic examination of chest
557
Inspection
557
Palpation Scheme of examination in palpation of chest
560
Prerequisites of systemic
examination of cardiovascular system
Inspection
12
Alimentary Canal
Symptoms related to disease of alimentary canal
Mouth
Oesophagus
Pain abdomen evaluation
Evaluation of abdominal pain
Stomach and duodenum
Small and large intestines
Hepato biliary system
Examination of teeth
Examination of gums
Litten's sign
Examination of tongue
Position of mediastinum
Examination of the abdomen
Inspection
Chest wall expansion
Auscultation
Tenderness over chest wall
Percussion
Examination of localised swelling, lymph node in the neck, axilla and supraclavicular region
Palpation
Abnormal palpatory findings
Palpation of liver
Auscultation
13 Locomotor System
Order of observation
Approach to Musculo skeletal disease
Vesicular breath sound
Bronchial breath sound
Common symptoms of locomotor system
Added sounds
General examination
11 Cardio Vascular System
Insection
Approach to the patient of cardio vascular disease
Palpation
Diagnosis of cardiac disease
Range of movement
Presenting complaints of cardio vascular disease
14 Neurogolical Evaluation
History of neurological headings evaluation is done in following
Breathlessness
Chest discomfort
Systemic examination
Examination of nervous system is being categorised into
Higher mental functions
Co-ordination
Disorders of speech
9th and 10th cranial nerve (Glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve)
11th cranial nerve (Spinal accessory nerve)
12th cranial nerve (Hypoglossal nerve)
Motor System
Symptoms of motor system involvement
Motor system is examined for
Muscle bulk
Muscle power
Tone of muscles
Sensory System
Diagnosis of neurological disease
Aetiological diagnosis
15 Integumentary System
Dermatological history taking
Physical examination
16 Introduction To Laboratory Investigations
Normal Laboratory Data Urine Analysis
Stool Analysis
Hematological Parameters
Chemical Constituents of Blood