Contents Definition and Importance of Roga Nidana and Vikriti Vigyana Dosha Dhatu Mal Definition of Roga Nidana and Vikriti Vigyana Roga Nidana Vikriti Vigyana Concept of disease Importance of Roga Nidana in Ayurveda Significance of Roga Nidana and Vikriti Vigyana Dosha Prakopaka Karana and Kshaya Karana Etiological factors of the vitiation of Vata Dosha Section-1 Dosha Dushyadi Vigyan The effects of Snigdha (unctuous) Ahara The ill effects produced due to less food intake Dosha Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana Vata Dosha Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana Vata Vriddhi Lakshana Pitta Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana Kapha Vriddha and Kshaya Lakshana Clinical pearls Dosha Prakopa Karma Vata Prakopa Karma 3 Asraya Asrayi Bhava Clinical application 4 Dhatu Vriddhi Kshaya Lakshana Vyayama Line of treatment in case of increase of Dhatu in the body Benefits of performing the exercise Rasa Dhatu Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana Vriddhi Lakshana of Rasa Dhatu Causative factors of Vata Dosha Prakopa (As per Sushruta) Kshaya Lakshana of Rasa Dhatu Etiological factors of vitiation of Pitta Dosha Rakta Dhatu Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana Atasi Kshaya Lakshana of Rakta Dhatu Causative factors of Pitta Prakopa Etiological factors of vitiation of Kapha Dosha Dugdha Bhakshya Ikshu Bhakshya Dadhi Causative factors of vitiation of Kapha Dosha Mamsa Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana Mamsa Kshaya Lakshana Medo Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana Meda Vriddhi Lakshana Meda Kshaya Lakshana Asthi Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana Dosha Kshaya Karana Asthi Vriddhi Lakshana Majja Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana Majja Kshaya Lakshana Shukra Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana Clinical application 5 Mala Vriddhi Kshaya Lakshana Line of treatment in case of Increase of Dhatu in the bod Mutra Vriddhi Kshaya Lakshana 80 Mutra Vriddhi Lakshana 80 Mutra Kshaya Lakshana 80 Purisha Vriddhi and Kshaya Lakshana 81 8 Sama Nirama Dosha and Dushya Lakshana Meaning of the term 'Sama' and 'Nirama' Sama and Nirama Dosha Lakshana Sama and Nirana Vata Lakshana Sama and Nirama Pitta Lakshana Nirarna Pitta Lakshana Sama and Nirama Kapha Lakshana Nirama Kapha Lakshana Saama Rasa Dhatu Lakshana Saama Raktadhatu Lakshana Purisha Vriddhi Lakshana 81 Saama Mamsa Dhatu Lakshana Purisha Kshaya Lakshana 82 Saama Medo Dhatu Lakshana Sveda Vriddhi and Kshaya 82 Lakshana Sveda Vriddhi Lakshana 82 Sveda Kshaya 82 Saama Asthi Dhatu Lakshana Saama Majja Dhatu Lakshana Saama Shukra Dhatu Lakshana Saama Mutra Lakshana Clinical application 83 Nirama Mutra Lakshana 6 Hetu, Bheda And Lakshana of Agni Dushti 85 Saama Sveda Lakshana Introduction 85 Nirama Sveda Lakshana Physiology of Agni 86 9 Samagni 88 10 Concept of Avarana Vishamagni 89 Tikshnagni 89 Mandagni 89 Nidana of Agnidushti 89 Samprapti of Agni Dushti 91 Lakshana of Agni Dushti 92 Doshapaka and Dhatupaka Characters of Avarana Pathophysiology of Avarana Anyonya Avarana (Amurta Avarana) Clinical types of Avarana Diagnosis of Avarana 7 Definition of Ama and Samanya Lakshana 94 Exclusion by Nidana Exclusion by Lakshana Interpretation of Ama 95 Causes of formation of Ama 95 Samanya Lakshana of Ama 96 Exclusion by Upashaya Complications of Avarana 11 Dosha Gati and Rogamarga Introduction Prakrita Lakshana of Dosha 123 Normal functioning of Vata Dosha 123 Normal functioning of Pitta Dosha 123 Normal functioning of Kapha. Dosha 123 Vriddha Lakshana of Dosha 123 Vriddha Lakshana of Vata Dosha 123 Vriddha Lakshana of Pitta Dosha 123 Vriddha Lakshana of Kapha Dosha 123 Kshaya Lakshana of Dosha 123 Kshaya Lakshana of Vata Dosha 123 Kshaya Lakshana of Pitta Dosha 124 Kshaya Lakshana of Kapha Dosha 124 Characters of Srotas Importance of Srotas in pathogenesis Synonyms of Srotas Types of Srotas Importance of Srotomula Samanya Sroto dushti Karana Samanya Sroto Dushti Lakshana Samanya Sroto Viddha Lakshana Difference between Khavaigunya and Srotodushti Pranavaha Srotas Pranavaha Srotomula Dushti Lakshana of Prariavaha Srotas Viddha Lakshana of Pranavaha Srotas Reasons for the movement of Dosha from Koshtha to Shakha Respiratory system 125 Cardiovascular system Reasons for the movement of Dosha from Shakha to Koshtha Blood vessels 126 Cardiovascular system and respiratory system and important diseases Rogamarga 126 Introduction 127 Udakavaha Srotas Shakha Rogamarga 127 Udakavaha Srotomula Marmasthi Sandhi 128 Srotodushti Karana Koshtha 128 Srotodushti Lakshana of Udakavaha Srotas Diseases afflicting Shakha 128 Rogamarga Diseases afflicting Madhyama Rogamarga 128 Diseases afflicting Koshtha Rogamarga 128 Significance of knowledge of Doshagati and Rogamarga 128 Conclusion 130 12 Concept of Srotas 133 Introduction 133 Viddha Lakshana of Udakavaha Srotas Internal environment Normal water and electrolyte balance (Gibbs Donnan equilibrium) Regulation of water balance in the body ADH Mechanism Annavaha Srotas Derivation of Srotas Nidang Prakasha A Testhook of Roga Nidana and Vikriti Vigyan Medovaha Srotomula Causes of affliction of Medovaha Srotas Symptoms of affliction of Medovaha Srotas Symptoms of injury, to Medovaha Srotas Adipose tissue Asthivaha Srotas Asthivaha Srotomula Causes of affliction of Asthivaha Srotas Symptoms of affliction of Asthivaha Srotas Majjavaha Srotas Majjavaha Srotomula Causes of affliction of Majjavaha Srotas Symptoms of affliction of Majjavaha Srotas Spetemule of Amavaña Srotas Comes of vitamien of Annavsha 149 S symptoms showing the vilation of Annavaha Srotas 140 Symptoms showing the Injury to Annavahe Srotas 150 Stomach 150 Varta Parshives 151 Common diseases afflicting 151 alimentary anal Rasavahe Srotas 151 Srotomula of Rasavalia Srotas 151 Causes of vitiation of Rasavaha Srotas 151 Bone Symptoms of Rasavaha Srotas affliction 152 Symptoms of injury to Rasavaha Srotas 153 Lymphatic system 153 Raktavaha Srotas 154 Raktavaha Srotomula 154 Causes of affliction of Raktavaha Srotas 155 Symptoms of affliction of Raktavaha Srotas 155 Symptoms of injury to 156 Raktavaha Srotas Haemopoietic system 156 Red blood 156 White blood cells (WBCS) 157 Mamsavaha Srotas 158 Srotomula of Mamsavaha Srotas 158 Symptoms of affliction of Mamsavaha Srotas 158 Symptoms of injury to Mamsavaha Srotas 158 Muscular tissue 159 Medovaha Srotas 160 Bone marrow Functions of bone marrow Sukravaha Srotas Shukravaha Srotomula Causes of affliction of Shukravaha Srotas Symptoms of affliction of Shukravaha Srotas Symptoms of injury to Shukravaha Srotas Male reproductive system The functions of male reproductive system can be divided into three major sub divisions. Few clinical conditions afflicting male reproductive system Mutravaha Srotas Mutravaha Srotomula Traumatic Diseases 20 8 types of Udara Environmental Diseases 209 Lead poisoning 210 Causes of lead poisoning 210 Pathology 210 Carbon monoxide poisoning 211 Clinical features of carbon monoxide poisoning 211 Environmental chemicals 211 5 ICO Classification of Diseases 214 History of ICD 214 Purpose of ICD 215 Uses of ICD 215 Structure of ICD-11 215 The changes observed in ICD- 11 when compared to ICD-10 217 Personality disorder (PD) 219 Gaming disorder 220 Sexual health 221 Traditional medicine 222 Other notable changes in the ICD-11 include 223 types of Mutraghata types of Kshiradosha 8 types of Retodasha Classification of diseases having 7 types 7 types of Kushtha 7 types of Pidaka 7 types of Visarpa Classification based on 6 types 6 types of Atisara 6 types of Udavarta Classification of diseases having 5 types S types of Gulma 5 types of Kasa 5 types of Shvasa 5 types of Hikka 5 types of Trishna 5 types of Chardi 5 types of Arochaka 5 types of Shiroroga DSM-5 223 5 types of Hridroga Distinction from ICD 224 5 types of Pandu Earlier versions of DSM classification 224 Classification of diseases having 4 types DSM1-1952 224 Classification of diseases having 3 types DSM II-1968 225 DSM-III (1980) 226 Classification of diseases having 2 types DSM-III-R (1987) 226 DSM-IV (1994) 227 Classification of diseases having 20 types DSM-IV-TR (2000) 227 20 types of Krimi DSM-5 (2013) 227 20 types of Prameha 6 Concept of Samanyaja and Nanatmaja Vikara 230 20 types of Yonivyapat Meaning of Samanyaja Vikara 230 Number of Nanatmaja Vikara Meaning of Nanatmaja Vikara 230 Pittaja Nanatmaja Vikara Number of Samanyaja Vikara is 230 Kaphaja Nanatmaja Vikara 48 in number Raktaja Nanatmaja Vikara Nidanarthakara Roga 237 Gulma Definition of Nidanarthakara 25 237 Roga Madhumeha 25 Examples given for Nidanarthakara Vyadhi Rajayakshma 25 237 Bhagandara 25 Types of Nidanarthakara Roga Arshas 238 2 Hetu Sankara Ashmari 238 Linga Sankara 239 Mudhagarbha Vyadhi Sankara 9 Ashta Nindita 239 Vyadhi Avastha Meaning of Ashta Nindita 239 7 Dhatu Pradoshaja Vikara People included in Ashta 243 Nindita Purusha Rakta Pradoshaja Vikara 243 Gangadhara included three more Mamsa Pradoshaja Vikara 244 Medo Pradoshaja Vikara 244 Ati Sthula Purusha Asthi Pradoshaja Vikara 244 Causative factors of Ati Sthaulya Majja Pradoshaja Vikara 244 Shukra Pradoshaja Vikara 245 Ati Sthula Dosha Upadhatu Pradoshaja Vikara Π 245 Pathogenesis of eight Sthula Dosha Mala Pradoshaja Vikara 245 Clinical application Ayusho Hrasa (shortening of life span) 246 Indriya Pradoshaja Vikara 246 Javoparodha (sluggish movement) Clinical application of Indriya Pradoshaja Vikara 247 8 Ashta Mahagada 249 Mahagada 249 Causative factors of Ashta 249 Mahagada Ashta Mahagada as per different Ayurveda scholars 249 Reasons for the incurability of Ashta Mahagada Krichra Vyavayata Daurbalya Daurgandhya Kshudatimatra and Pipasatiyoga Pathophysiology of obesity Diagnosis of Ati Sthula 250 Vatavyadhi (disease of nervous system and connective tissue) Ati Krisha (over emaciated person) Cardinal features of Ati Karshya 250 Apasmara (convulsive disorders) 250 Causative factors of Ati Karshya Kushtha (all types of skin diseases) 251 Raktapitta (bleeding disorders) 251 Lakshana of Ati Krisha Purusha Importance of understanding of Ashta Nindita 10 Definition and Classification of Vyadhikshamatva Udara Roga Classification of Vyadhikshamatva 259 Nidana and Vikriti Vigyan Quantity and location of Ojas Functions of Ojas Types of Bala 259 Ojas Kshaya Hetu Methods of improving Vyadhi Kshamatva in the individuals 260 Ojo Dushti Lakshana 20 11 Concept of Ojas and Types of Ojo Ojo Kshaya as per Vagbhata 262 2 Dushti Ojo Visramsa 2 Utpatti of Ojas Clinical features observed in 262 2 Ojo Visramsa Nourishment of ojas 262 Ojo Vyapat Gunas of Ojas 262 Clinical features observed in The qualities of Ojas are ten fold 262 Ojo Vyapat Ojo Kshaya Importance of Ojas 263 Conclusion Classification of Ojas 263 Section III Basic Pathology 1 Introduction To Pathology and Subdivisions 267 Terminologies used in pathology 268 Subdivisions of the pathology 269 2 Cell Injury and Cellular Adaptations Cellular responses to injury 271 271 Causes of cell injury 271 Genetic causes 271 Hypoxia and ischemia 273 Physical agents 273 Chemical agents and drugs 273 Microbial agents injuries 273 caused by Immunological agents 273 Nutritional derangements 273 Psychological factors 274 4 Different pathological events happening inside the human body Pathogenesis of cell injury 274 Cellular Adaptations 276 Atrophy 277 Hypertrophy 277 Hyperplasia 278 Metaplasia Dysplasia Cellular adaptations Cellular Aging 3 Inflammation and Healing Causes of inflammation Inflammation and infection Vascular events Cellular events Fate of acute inflammation Causes of chronic inflammation General features of chronic inflammation Systemic effects of chronic inflammation Repair or healing Mechanism of oedema Classification of oedema Investigations performed in case of valuation of oedema Shock 294 Stages of shock 297 Depending upon the degree of severity, shock is divided into 3 297 stages Hemorrhage 299 Congestion 300 Autoimmune diseases of thyroid gland Immune Pathology Hyper functioning of immune system Classification of hypersensitivity reactions Mechanism of congestion 300 Clinical features of congestion 300 Thrombosis 4 types (as per Coombs and Gell in 1963) nowadays widely used 301 Causes of thrombosis Type I hypersensitivity reaction 301 Patterns of clot formation Type II reaction 301 Fate of thrombus 301 Embolism 302 Varieties of embolism 6 Neoplasm 302 Ischemia 303 Causes of ischemia 303 Changes after ischemia 304 Factors determining extent of damage by ischemia 304 Infarction 304 Microscopic changes of infarction 304 5 Immunity and Autoimmunity and Immune Pathology 308 Innate immunity 309 Type III reaction Type IV reaction Definition of neoplasm Nomenclature of the neoplasm Clinical features of neoplasm Prognosis in neoplasm 7 Introduction to Nutritional Disorders-Macro and Micro Nutrients Essential nutrients Non essential nutrients Metabolic changes Protein energy malnutrition Disorders of vitamins Mechanisms of innate immunity 310 Acquired immunity 311 Trace elements Sequelae of obesity Autoimmunity 313 8 Introduction to Infections Diseases of autoimmune 313 Mechanism of auto 313 immunisation Factors relating to infectious agents General clinical features of infection Classification of autoimmune diseases 313 9 Introduction and Classification of Micro Organisms Hemocytolytic autoimmune diseases 313 Bacteria Virus Localised (organ specific) autoimmune diseases Fungi Section IV Nidana Panchaka Vigyana 1 Roga Pariksha and Rogi Pariksha 348 2 types-Naishthika and Laukika 348 Roga Pariksha 348 Types of Pariksha Relevance of the knowledge of Nidana in the present era 350 Utility of Pariksha 4 Purvarupa 353 2 Nidana Panchaka Synonyms of Purvarupa 353 Nidana Types of Purvarupa 354 Purvarupa 5 Rupa 355 Rupa Definition of Rupa Upashaya 355 Synonyms of Rupa Samprapti 356 Determination of Pratyatma Lakshana 3 Concept of Nidana 359 Meaning of Nidana 359 Importance of Rupa and its relevance in current era Characters of Nidana 360 Synonyms of Nidana 361 6 Upashaya Sannikrishta Hetu 362 Upashaya and Anupashaya Viprakrishta Hetu 362 Synonyms Vyabhichari Hetu 363 Types of Upashaya Pradhanika Hetu 363 Utility of Upashaya in clinical practice 3 types-Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga, Prajnaparadha and Parinama 363 7 Samprapti Concept of Samprapti Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga 363 Prajnaparadha 364 Type of Dosha vitiated in the body Parinama 365 3 types Dosha Hetu, Vyadhi Hetu and Ubhaya Hetu 365 2 types Utpadaka Hetu and Vyanjaka Hetu 366 2 types Bahya Hetu and Abhyantara Hetu Manner of the movement of the Dosha across human body Manner of the manifestation of disease Sankhya Samprapti 366 Vikalpa Samprapti 2 types Prakrita Hetu and Vaikrita Hetu 366 Pradhanya Samprapti Bala Samprapti 2 types Anubandhya Hetu and Anubandha Hetu 367 Kala Samprapti 2 types Sadharana and Asadharana Hetu 367 Vidhi Samprapti 1 type Ashayapakarsha Hetu 367 Vol. 1 Balakala Samprapti Relevance of Samprapti in current era Samprapti Ghataka Section IV Nidana Panchaka Vigyana 1 Roga Pariksha and Rogi Pariksha 348 2 types-Naishthika and Laukika 348 Roga Pariksha 348 Types of Pariksha Relevance of the knowledge of Nidana in the present era 350 Utility of Pariksha 4 Purvarupa 353 2 Nidana Panchaka Synonyms of Purvarupa 353 Nidana Types of Purvarupa 354 Purvarupa 5 Rupa 355 Rupa Definition of Rupa Upashaya 355 Synonyms of Rupa Samprapti 356 Determination of Pratyatma Lakshana 3 Concept of Nidana 359 Meaning of Nidana 359 Importance of Rupa and its relevance in current era Characters of Nidana 360 Synonyms of Nidana 361 6 Upashaya Sannikrishta Hetu 362 Upashaya and Anupashaya Viprakrishta Hetu 362 Synonyms Vyabhichari Hetu 363 Types of Upashaya Pradhanika Hetu 363 Utility of Upashaya in clinical practice 3 types-Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga, Prajnaparadha and Parinama 363 7 Samprapti Concept of Samprapti Asatmyendriyartha Samyoga 363 Prajnaparadha 364 Type of Dosha vitiated in the body Parinama 365 3 types Dosha Hetu, Vyadhi Hetu and Ubhaya Hetu 365 2 types Utpadaka Hetu and Vyanjaka Hetu 366 2 types Bahya Hetu and Abhyantara Hetu Manner of the movement of the Dosha across human body Manner of the manifestation of disease Sankhya Samprapti 366 Vikalpa Samprapti 2 types Prakrita Hetu and Vaikrita Hetu 366 Pradhanya Samprapti Bala Samprapti 2 types Anubandhya Hetu and Anubandha Hetu 367 Kala Samprapti 2 types Sadharana and Asadharana Hetu 367 Vidhi Samprapti 1 type Ashayapakarsha Hetu 367 Vol. 1 Balakala Samprapti Relevance of Samprapti in current era Samprapti Ghataka Neck 547 Genitalia 548 Character and Distribution of Hair 548 10 Respiratory System 553 Approach to the patient of respiratory disease 553 Cough 554 Sputum 554 Haemoptysis 555 Anatomical areas of the chest 555 Pre requesites of systemic examination of chest 557 Inspection 557 Palpation Scheme of examination in palpation of chest 560 Prerequisites of systemic examination of cardiovascular system Inspection 12 Alimentary Canal Symptoms related to disease of alimentary canal Mouth Oesophagus Pain abdomen evaluation Evaluation of abdominal pain Stomach and duodenum Small and large intestines Hepato biliary system Examination of teeth Examination of gums Litten's sign Examination of tongue Position of mediastinum Examination of the abdomen Inspection Chest wall expansion Auscultation Tenderness over chest wall Percussion Examination of localised swelling, lymph node in the neck, axilla and supraclavicular region Palpation Abnormal palpatory findings Palpation of liver Auscultation 13 Locomotor System Order of observation Approach to Musculo skeletal disease Vesicular breath sound Bronchial breath sound Common symptoms of locomotor system Added sounds General examination 11 Cardio Vascular System Insection Approach to the patient of cardio vascular disease Palpation Diagnosis of cardiac disease Range of movement Presenting complaints of cardio vascular disease 14 Neurogolical Evaluation History of neurological headings evaluation is done in following Breathlessness Chest discomfort Systemic examination Examination of nervous system is being categorised into Higher mental functions Co-ordination Disorders of speech 9th and 10th cranial nerve (Glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve) 11th cranial nerve (Spinal accessory nerve) 12th cranial nerve (Hypoglossal nerve) Motor System Symptoms of motor system involvement Motor system is examined for Muscle bulk Muscle power Tone of muscles Sensory System Diagnosis of neurological disease Aetiological diagnosis 15 Integumentary System Dermatological history taking Physical examination 16 Introduction To Laboratory Investigations Normal Laboratory Data Urine Analysis Stool Analysis Hematological Parameters Chemical Constituents of Blood