Inderbir Singh's Human Embryology

CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Some Preliminary Consideratione
Reproduction
Devetsporect of a Human Being Pregnancy Destation der Viability 5
Embryology S Bubdivisions of Embryoingy
Importance of Embryology in the Medical
Prof Beer Process Enbryology 6
2. Genetics and Molecular Biology in Embryology
Chromosomes B Karyotyping
Lyon Hypothesis and Sex Chromatin
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Allele
Gene Polymorphism and Mutation
Mosaicism
Chimerism 16
Punnett Square 16
Parthenogeneem Cleavage
Symbols Used for Chromosomal Nomenclature 16 Inheritance of Genetic Disorders
Cell Division and Cell Cycle
Genetic Counseling
unplantation
Changes in the Endometrioni of
The Uterus
5. Second Week of Development-Bilaminar
Germ Disc Formation
Subdivisions of Slectind Week of Development 62
6. Third Week of Development- Germinal Period
Third Week of Development 73 Changes in the Germ Disc or
Embryonic Area 74
Formation of Primitive Streak 74
Connecting Stalk 75
Formation of Notochord 75
Formation of the Neural Tube 76
Formation of Intraembryonic Mesoderm (Third Germ Layer) 77
Regions of Germ Disc that Remain
Bilaminar 78
Subdivisions of Intraembryonic
62
73
3. Reproductive System, Gametogenesis, Ovarian, and Menstrual Cycles
22
Introduction 23
Male Reproductive System 23. Female Reproductive System 24
Gametogenesis 26.
Spermatogenesis 27
Oogenesis 30
Ovarian Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
Hormonal Control of Ovarian and
Uterine Cycles
4. First Week of Development-Stages of Embryology/Gestational Period Gestational Period
First Week of Development
Fertilization
Gestation and Calculation of Expected
Date of Delivery
Polar Bodies
Sex Determination
Clinical Importance of Ovulation and
Fertilization Test Tube Babies/in Vitro
Fertilization (IVF)
Mesoderm
Extent of Components of Intraembryonic
Mesoderm
Changes in the Trophoblast
7. Embryonic Period of Development
Introduction
Growth of the Embryo and its Age
Determination
Embryonic Period
8. Further Growth of the Fetus
Fetal Period of Development
Determining the Age of a Living Fetus
Control of Fetal Growth Fetal Growth Retardation
Causation of Congenital Anomalies (Teratogenesis)
Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Diseases and Malformations
Fetal Therapies
9. Placenta, Fetal Membranes and Twinning
Formation of Placenta
Fetal/Extraembryonic Membranes 108 Mutual Relationship of Amniotic Cavity,
Extraembryonic Coelom and Uterine Cavity
Multiple Births and Twinning
10. Formation of Tissues of the Body
Introduction 117
Epithelia 118
Connective Tissue 119
Muscular Tissue 128
Nervous Tissue 129
11. Integumentary System (Skin and its Appendages, Mammary Gland)
Skin 133
Appendages of Skin 135
12. Branchial Apparatus (Pharyngeal Arches + Endodermal Pouches + Ectodermal Clefts)
Introduction 142
Pharyngeal/Branchial Arches 143
Derivatives of Skeletal Elements Muscles of Arches
144
Nerves and Fate of Ectodermal Clefts 147
145
Fate of Endodermal Pouches 148 Development of Palatine Tonsil 148
Development of Thymus 148
Development of Parathyroid Glands 149
Development of Thyroid Gland 149
Pharyngeal Apparatus/Branchial
Apparatus 149
13. Skeletal System and Muscular System
Part 1: Skeletal System 154
Somites 154
Development of Axial Skeleton 155
Formation of Limbs 159
Joints 160
Part 2: Muscular System 161
Skeletal Muscle 161
Development of Muscular System 161
14. Face, Nose and Palate
Development of Face 164
Development of Various Parts
of Face 165
Development of Nasal Cavities 170
Development of Palate 172
15. Alimentary System-1: Mouth,
Pharynx and Related Structures
Mouth
Pharynx
Tongue
Derivatives of Oral Cavity
Salivary Glands
16. Alimentary System-II: Gastrointestinal Tract
Derivation of Individual Parts of Alimentary
Tract
Rotation of Gut
Fixation of Gut
17. Liver and Biliary Apparatus; Pancreas and Spleen
Liver and Biliary Apparatus
Liver and intrahepatic Biliary Apparatus
7
Gallbladder and Ex
Passages (Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus) 207
Pancreas and Spleen 210
Pancreas 210
Spleen 212
18. Body Cavities, Diaphragm, and Respiratory System
Body Cavities and Diaphragm 217
Body Cavities 217
Diaphragm 225
Respiratory System 228.
Larynx 231
Trachea 232
Extrapulmonary Bronchi 232
Intrapulmonary Bronchi and Lungs 232
19. Cardiovascular System
Part 1: Heart 241
Components of Blood Vascular System 241
Formation of Blood Cells and Vessels 241
Extraembryonic Blood Vascular
System 242
Intraembryonic Blood Vascular
System 242
Development of Heart 242
Development of Various Chambers of Heart 244
Exterior of the Heart 251
Valves of the Heart 252
Conducting System of Heart 253
Pericardial Cavity 253
Part 2: Arteries 257
Pharyngeal Arch Arteries and
Their Fate • Development of Other Arteries
Part 3: Veins
Introduction
Visceral Veins
Somatic Veins
Veins of Brain
Veins of Cervicothoracic Region
Veins of Abdomen 270
• Azygos System of Veins 272
Part 4: Fetal Circulation 274
• Changes in the Circulation at Birth 276
Part 5: Lymphatic System 277
20. Urogenital System
Development of Kidneys
• Ascent of Kidney
Rotation of Kidney
Development of Ureter
Development of Urethra
Development of Urinary Bladder
Development of Prostate
Development of Uterus and Uterine
Tubes
• Development of Vanina
Primordial Germ Celis 299
Development of Testes 299
CONTENTS
Development of Ovary 303
Fate of Mesonephric (Wolffian) Duct and Tubules in Male 304
22. Endocrine Glands
Classification of Endocrine Glands 328
Hypophysis Cerebri or Pituitary Gland 329
Fate of Mesonephric (Wolffian) Ducts and
Pineal Gland 330
Adrenal Gland/Suprarenal Gland 330
Tubules in Female 305 Control of Differentiation of Genital
23. Development of Eye
• Formation of Optic Vesicle 333
Organs 305
Formation of Lens Vesicle 333
Formation of Optic Cup 334
.Nervous System
309
Derivation of Parts of Eyeball 335
Accessory Structures of Eyeball 338
24. Development of the Ear
Internal Ear 343
Introduction 310
Neural Tube and its Subdivisions 310
• Neural Crest Cells
• Spinal Cord
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Cerebral Hemisphere
Autonomic Nervous System
Time Table of Some Events in Nervous System Development
External Ear
Middle Ear
25. Embryology Ready Reckoner
Developmental Anatomy at a Glance