Textbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section One
1. Introduction Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Forensic Medicine, Forensic pathology-3
Jurisprudence and Forensic Medicine
Clinical Forensic medicine-3
Toxicology 4
2. Death and Changes after Death
Somatic Death, Molecular Death, Brain Death-11 Certification of death, Modes of death-
Postmortem cooling-
Primary flaccidity, Rigor mortis
Thanarology, Medical jurtaprudence Medical ethics, Medical etiquete-
History of Forensic medicine & Tosisology-4-
Brain stern death, Harvard's Criteria
Changes after death, suspended animation- 16-
Changes in the eye, Autolysis, Decomposition or Putrefaction
Colliquative putrefaction-
Decomposition of internal organs-33 Adipocere, Mummification-
Presumption of death and Survivorship-
3. Medicolegal Autopsy & Exhumation Procedure, External, Internal examination-
Demonstration of air embolism
Head, Brain
Spinal cord
Exhumation-62, Virtopsy - 65
4. Identity
Complete identity, partial identity-71
Bhawal Sanyasi case-71
Corpus delicti-72, Race-73, Sex-74
Pestmortem hypostasis-17- Cadaveric spam 24-
Marbling of skin-29-
Fotensic entomology-30
Casper's dictum-
Embalming -
Chest, Abdomen-48
Examination of organs, Heart-49-
Urinary system- Fetal autopry-
Examination of skeletal remains, aging of bones
True hermaphroditism-76, Pseudohermaphroditism-26 Hijras and Zenanas -77
Sex chromatin-78
Degree of accuracy in sex determination-79
65
Medicolegal significance - civil, criminal
Acid bath murder case-
Klinefelter's syndrome-75, Turner's syndrome.
Differences between male and female mandible-81
Sex difference between male and female sacrum-83
Sex difference between male and female sternum-85 Difference between temporary and permanent teeth-88
Gustafson's method of age from tooth-89-91
Dental profiling-93
Ossification of skull sutures - 95.
Ossification centres Wrist - 97
Pelvis, Femur-97,
Age changes in mandible - 101
Ossification centres in foetus - 102
Closure of fontanelle in infants - 103
Haase's rule 103
Medicolegal significance of age - 104, 105 Anthropometry, Fingerprints-107-109
Foot prints - 110
Sex reassignment surgery
Concealed sex-
Male and female skull difference
Sex difference, male and female pelvis
Sex difference male and female femur
Teeth, temporary, permanent, eruption - 86
Forensic odontology-91 Haman bite marks
International dental formula (modified FDI)-94
Shoulder, Elbow
Age changes in pubic symphysis
Age of foetus-102
Development of secondary sex characteristics
Stature, Karl Pearson's formula-10
Poroscopy
Lip prints - 1
1 dence
guette-3
gy-4-7
7-18
4-25
29-30
0-33
-34
37
45
49
50
6
2
Tattok marks 111, Nydnes shark we
Superimpoutin 113, 1
PCR method 11 Applion of Scan, Оссиней в Spore 120 DNA11
Mechantent Injaries
Classification of impones, shroom-129
Age of stravion 131.
Ectopic contusion, black eye
Arutal rose -137-138 132-134
Cut throat 141-142, Penetrating weninds: 144
Perforatung wound-145, Wounds by differpot weapons 147 148
Salcidal, homicidal wounds 140 150
DNA RFLP 1
Premeure alw
Cofer chonge in con
Laperations Incited wends
Chop wounds Winind by an
Hesbu bir Defence wounds, Self flucted wounds 150
6. Gonshot wounds. & Explosion injuries-
Ballistics-156 Types of firearmis, Cartridges 156 158 Pellets, Bullets, Gun powders 160 162
Rifle wounds, entrance and exit 167-168
Accidemal, homicidal and suicidal-176
Shotgun wounds, entrance and esit in Entrance and axit wounds on all th
Clouge 15% Ricochet Bulle
Extraordinary findings im butler injurie
Explosion wounds 1
Laboratory investigation-176, 177, Comparison microscope - 177
7. Regional Injuries
Head injuries-183, Skull fractures-184-186
Cerebral concussion 190, Punch drunkenness - 192
Cerebral edema - 192
Extradural hemorrhage - 193
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - 197
Brain herniations-194, Injuries to vertebral column-200-201
Injuries to bone, teeth 203
Injuries to urinary bladder, genitalia 206
8. Transportation Injuries
Road traffic accidents, pedestrian injuries-213
Secondary injuries-215, Waddell's triad-216 Pedal cyclists, motor cyclists-217, Railway injuries 220-221
Mechanism of bram mjury 187
Diffuse aannal injar
Intracranial hemorrhag
Subdural hemorrhae
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Whiplast injur Injuries to ribs, sternum, liver,
iver, spleen, kidneys 201 Injuries due to fal
Primary impact, secondary impact injuries-21
9. Thermal Injuries
Hypothermia, Trench foot, Frost bite-226-227
Heat exhaustion, Heat stroke-228-229, Burns-230
Classifications, causes of death-231, 232
Heat hematoma-234-235, Medicolegal importance -235
Scalds, Chemical burns-237-239
10. Electrical Injuries, Lightning & Radiation
Joule burn, Spark burn, Flash burm-242-243
Filigree burns-246, Lightning, Filigree burns-245-246
11. Medicolegal Aspects of Injuries
Injury - 251
Murder, Dowry death, Grievous hurt-251-253
Domestic violence - 260
Injuries to occupants of a vehicle 216
Aircraft injuries
Heat cramps 22
Wallace rule of nine
Postmortem findings-23
Charred body
Preternatural combustions
Postmortem findings, Judicial electrocutiom Radiation injuries, ARS-24
Trauma, Assault, Battery, Homicide, Culpable homicide
Torture, Custodial deaths 25-
Causes of death from injuries
Printary shock, Secondary shock-28 Antenmortem and and Postmortem wounds.
Eainen, Throne Fat Air 263-261
Hammenohistochemistry-267. Valintary anvernesas after injury-268
Therapeutic wound
12. Asphyxiad Deaths
Antia, Mechanical asphysia 273 Auhtpey findings in hanging-276-280
Hanging, Types of larging-273 Bloodless flap dissection of neck-28
Paimar strengshuien 298. Carroting. Mugging 200-300 Jodicis lunging 288, tigamure strangulation 290-293, Throating-295 Fracture of beyond bone & thyroid cartilage in Hanging 283-284 Partial hanging, Sexual asphyxia 28
Bamdola Suffocarion
Daunatic asphysis, Burking-303-305 Types, Mechaniam, PM findings 307-312
Sovethering-300, Gagging. Choking 301-302
Café coconar Drowein
Diatom seat-313, Scoba diving, Homicidal-314 Differences between Antemartem drowning and Postmortem submersion-316
13. Starvation
Acute atarvation, Chronic starvation 322-324
14. Sudden Death Candrovascular causes-326
Infarction at distance-327, Diseases of aona-329
GIT, GUT cause-331
15. Anesthetic Deaths
General anesthesia, Local anesthesia 335-336- Spinal anesthesia-336
16. Pestmortem Artefacts
Medicolegal aspects
Location of inyocardial infarction CNS, Respiratory causes-330
Obscure autopsy. Negative autopsy, -331
Agonal, Resuscitation anefacts 337, Artefacts of hypostasis 337 Postmortem corrosion-338, Artefacts due to decomposition - 339 Exhumation artefacts 339, Toxicological artefacts-339
17. Impotence and Sterility
Sexual cycle, physiology of erection-342, 343 Sterility, artificial insemination-347-341
Surrogate mother-347
18. Sexual Offences
Rape-sections, Examination of victim -355-356
Examination of accused-363
Unnatural sexual offences, Sodomy-367-368
Sexual perversions 371
19. Examination of stains and Scene of crime Blood stains, Chemical examination, microscopy-377, 378.
Blood groups - 380 Seminal stains-382
Locard's Principle of Exchange-384
Anesthetic agents
Artefacts due to rigor mortis
Embalming artefacts
Artefacts due to autopsy
Causes of impotence in males, females-344- In vitro fertilization, ART-
Rape of virgin, Rape trauma syndrome
Sexual assanit on children, POCSO-366-
Buccal coitus, Lesbianism, Bestiality-370- Indecent assault, Sexting, Incest-373
Tests for blood groups, Abnormal Hb 380
Tests for semen, Vaginal fluid, Urine, Feces-382, 384, 384,
Precipitin test-
20. Virginity, Pregnancy, Delivery, Legitimacy
Virgin, Types of hymen, False virgin-389-390
Pseudocyesis 394 Prenatal diagnosis, PNDT-395, Delivery-395
Disputed paternity 397
Scene of Crime-384-
Pregnancy, Signs and Symptoms, Tests-391
Superfecundation, Superfoetation-394,
Signs of delivery in living, dead-396.
X
Marriage-
21 Medical Termination of pregnancy and Mor Um
Criminal miscarriage, Sections, MTP Act 401-412 Criminal abortam, complications 404, 404
23. Infanticide
Historical aspects, will birth, Dead born 400, 410, 410
Live birth 413
Hydrostatne lest 414
Caput succadaneum, Cephalhematoma 417 Precipitate laboun, Concealment, Abandooing #18,419
Shaken baby syndrome-421
23. Forensic Psychiatry Delusion, Hallucination, Delirten 426, 427
Classification of psychiatric llness-428
Lancid interval - 431
Feigned insanity, Admission of insane 433,434
Criminal responsibility-438
Diminished responsibility-439
24. Legal Procedures
Indian penal code, Indian evidence Act- 447
Non-cognizable offence, Warrant 447
Non-bailable offence- 447
Courts of law 449
Special Magistrates-450
Criminal courts in India-45)
Dying declaration, Dying deposition-452,452
Witness, Record of evidence 453
Chief examination, Cross examination 454-454
25. Medical law and ethics
Amniotic fluid emboliam Spontaneous abortion
Viability
Signs of live hinh
Histopathology of hing, stomach-bowl Jest-415-
Natural, unnatural and criminal caninex- Battered baby syndrome
Munchausen syndroron, Sudden infant death-
Impulse, Obsession-427,428 Phobia, psychopath
Schizophrenia, Bipolar disoider-429,
Neurosis, psychosis, mental subnormality-431,432, Mental Health Act-434, Civil responsibility-
Mc Naughten's rule, Durham rule, Curren's rule-438, Somnambulism, Hypnotism, Epilepsy
Criminal offence, Cognizable offence-
Summons case, Bailable offence
Civil case, Inquest, Summons, Conduct money 447, 448
Powers of Magistrates Juvenile Justice Board-
Documentary evidence-
Oral evidence-
Perjury
Re-examination, Doctor in the witness box-455,
Indian medical council, State medical council-461, 464
Professional misconduct-465
Medical records-467
Res ipsa loquitur - 469
Civil & Criminal negligence-470
Defences against Medical negligence-471
Privileged communications-474
Workmen's compensation-477
Human rights, Transplantation Act 480
HIV ethical issues-484
Euthanasia-487
Penal erasure
Duties of a medical practitioner-
Medical negligence-
Novus actus interveniens-469,
Contributory negligence-
Professional secrecy-
Consent, rules of consent, therapeutic privilege-474,476
26. Newer Techniques and Recent advances
Consumer protection
Bioethics , Stem cell research-482
Doctor and media, stress management-485,
Polygraph-492, Brain Fingerprinting-492, Narcoanalysis-493 Matrix assisted Laser Desorption imaging-494
Virtopsy-493
Nicotine from fingerprints
1.
General kirations of toxiculagy Hary
porneming, groeral-201 Adnimation of entuotes-502
Physiological antidotec, Specific antidotes-501
Pencsitamos, Desterrissamine 501, 501 Dialysis Hooperfu-504, 304
Dual viscern taken fie chemical analysis-505
2. Carmive pakeis
Mineral acids, Sulphurs acil 311.311
Nitric neid-514 Table showing HSO, INO, and HCI-515-516 Cebols acid-518
Acetic acid-521 Poisoning hy
3. Metallic polsons
Arsenic 525
Chronic anenic poisoning-527 Lead poiscming-529
Lead paby, lead encephalopathy-531, 531
Chronic mercury poisoning-534 Minamata Bay disease-535
Wison's disease-536
Metal lime fever-536
4. Non-metallic prisons
Phosphorus poisoning-539
5. Alcohols
Alcoholic beverage, proof spint-545, 544
Signs & symptoms of alcohol intoxication-547
Drunkenness, Breath analyzer-549, 549
Alcohol and crimes-551 Chronic alcoholism-51
Korsakoff's psychosis-552
Disulfiram-553
Ethylene glycol-555
6. Agricultural poisons
Organophosphorus poisons-559
Action of organophosphates-560
Other neurological manifestations of OPC-361 poisoning-564
Diagnosis, Treatment of OPC Carbamates-563
Section Two Toxicology
Classification of poisom
Cvitorla fow ideal homicidal poison- Procedure of stomach wash.
Activated charcoal, chemical antidotes.
Chelating agents, BAL, EDTA-503, 503. Forced alkalme diuresis
Duties of medical practitioner in poisoning
Negative result on chemical analysis
Vitriolage
Hydrochloric acid
Poisoning by orgamc acids, oxalic acid-517
Formic ucid Boric acid
Petroleum products, Kerosene - 322
Differences between arsenic poisoning & cholera Tests to detect arsenic
Chronic lead poisoning
Mercury poisoning-
Mercuria lentis, Acródyma 5,34,
Copper poisoning Zinc poisoning
Methemoglobinemia-
Chronic phosphorus poisoning, phossy jaw-540
Metabolism of ethyl alcohol
Measurement of alcohol concentration -
Drunkenness and driving- Alcohol withdrawal -
Wernicke's encephalopathy
Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome-
Methyl alcohol-
Isopropanol
Aryl & Alkyl phosphates -
Signs & Symptoms of OPC Intermediate syndrome
Oximes
Organochlorines
Eindrin-564
Pyrmbrins and pyrethroids-500
Aluminium phosphide-567
7. Toxic Plants
Abrus precatorius-570
Toxallmumin-373 Jatropha cureas 374
Semecarpus anacantium: 376
8.Cardiné poisons
Corbera thevetin-579 Cerbera odollam- 581
Aconite-584
Chronic cyanide poisoning-586
9. Deliriants
Datura fashiosa-59)
Action of datira-592
Hallucinogens-504
Different preparations of cannabis - 594 Hashish insanity, Run amok 597, 597
Hallucinogenic mushrooms-594
10. Cerebral stimulants
Cocaine, Action, Absorption fate 598
Paraquat
Zine phosphide-
Ricinus commu
Crotoniglium-
Calotropis gigantes, procera-575,
Glorious superba
Digoxin Immune Fab
Nerium odorum
Hydrocyanic acid and salts
Cleistanthus collimus
Alkaloids
Signs and symptoms of Datura
Cannabis Sativa or Indica
Chronic poisoning with cannabis Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Excretion, signs and symptoms of cocaine-598
Chronic use, Magnan's symptom, Medicolegal point
11. Somniferous drugs
Opium-
Acute opium poisoning
Heroin, Meperidine (Pethidine)
12. Sedatives and Hypnotics.
Barbiturates
Action of barbiturates- Treatment for barbiturate poisoning-
Postmortem appearances -
13. Drug dependence
Definition, methods and types of abuse -
Inhalants
Body packers, pushers and stuffers
14. Medicinal poisons
Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin)-618 Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
15. Spinal poisons
Strychnos Nux-Vomica
Derivatives of opium
Chronic opium poisoning
Absorption, fate, excretio
Signs and symptoms of barbiturate Forced alkaline diurest
Drug automatism, chronic poisoning-6
Substances of abuse
Postmortem findings in drug abus
Golden triangle, cresent, quadrang
Reye's syndrom Chloral hydrat
Absorption, fate & excretion, Signs and symptoms
Treatment of strychnine poisonin
Differences between strychnine & tetanus-Conium Maculatum (Hemlock)
Asphyxiants or Luang irritants Sternutators or nasal irritants Methyl isocyanate
Hydrogen sulphide
16. Irrespirable gases
Carbon monoxide-
Carbon dioxide-
Signs and symptoms, Diagnosis and treatment of CO Poisoning-
War gases
Lacrimators or tear gases- Paralysants-
Nerve gases
17. Animal irritants
Ophitoxaemia (Snake bites)
Differences between poisonous and non-poisonous snakes
Cobra, Common cobra, King cobra
Russel's viper, Saw-scaled viper
Malabar pit viper
Krait, Common krait, banded krait-
Sea snakes, beaked sea snake
Bar-bellied sea snake
Viper venom, krait venom
Bites by Sea snakes
First aid, Treatment for snake bites
Green vine snake, Checkered keelback
Dendrelaphis tristis
Golden tree snake-
Scorpions-
Bees & Wasps-
Centipedes
18. Food poisoning
Botulism
Amanita muscari
Argemone Mexicana, Epidemic dropsy
Poisonous fish & Marine creatures
Scombroid poisoning, Shellfish poisoning
Box jelly fish, Dart frogs-
Poisonous snakes in India
Viper
Pit viper, bamboo pit viper-
Hump nosed pit viper
Slender coral snakes- snake, yellow sea snake
Annulated sea Fangs and venom, cobra venom
Cobra bite, Krait bite, viper bite 639,640,
General signs & symptoms of snake bite-
Non-poisonous snakes, Python, Rat snake Common trinket snake
Striped keelback, Common wolf snake-e Sand boa, Blind snake
Cantharides.
Spiders-6
Poisonous mushrooms, Amanita phalloides-
Other micro-organisms causing food poisoning-6- Lathyrus sativus, Ergot alkaloids-
Ciguatera poisoning-6 Venomous fish-